According to Nazli Choucri Cyberspace is a fact of daily life. Because of its ubiquitous nature and vast scale and scope, cyberspace — including the Internet and the hundreds of millions of computers the Internet connects, the institutions that enable it, and the experiences it enables — has become a fundamental feature of the world we live in and has created a new reality for almost everyone in the developed world and for rapidly growing numbers of people in the developing world.
Social outcomes are often less the result of conscious value-maximizing choices than of inertia, habit, and a mixture of personal and organizational purposes and adaptations. In any case, social habit patterns are usually the outcome of some earlier discrete (conscious or unconscious) individual choices made by the members of the population at large or by an individual or individuals in a bureaucratic or government context. At its origins, the theory of lateral pressure characterized the individual explicitly as an energy-using and information-processing entity (North 1990, 11) operating in social and environmental contexts. Human actions that affect the natural system feed back into the social system and may have repercussions that are not susceptible to power based instruments of control.
This is in sharp contrast to traditional international relations theories that define the individual in strictly social terms. Aggregated at the level of the society, the state, and the economy, the most fundamental individual demands (needs and wants) are driven by the quest for security and survival, and the most basic capabilities are leveraged for this purpose. Demands combine with capabilities to produce actions; the outcome is contingent on capacities, knowledge, skills, and access to resources. In general, the larger the number of people in a community, organization, or society, the greater the volume of needs, wants, and demands. Capabilities are attributes that enable performance and allow individuals, groups, political systems, and entire societies to engage in activity to manage their demands.
Central to the capability of the individual and the social order is knowledge — the foundation of technology at all levels of analysis and in all forms of social aggregation. With the construction of cyberspace, the development of and access to knowledge are greatly facilitated. Francis Bacon gave expression to a timeless truth: “Knowledge is power.” Many aspects of ongoing globalization are knowledge-driven, and knowledge intensity is one of the most significant features of the world economy in the twenty-first century. While enhanced economic dependence on knowledge is well recognized and has fueled competitiveness worldwide, the role and impacts of new knowledge are considerably less apparent in development contexts. This explores knowledge, as distinct from information, as a key factor in international relations, along with the role of cyber-enabled networking in the expansion and diffusion of knowledge and the demand for new knowledge.
In conclusion, Access to cyberspace and participation in cyber politics facilitate the formation and articulation of demands and enhance the development.
By: ULAYA SIJALI A. (BAPRM 42681)
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